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Reinforcing Gratitude and Mindfulness with SEL Skills in Schools

Published on November 12, 2024
Photo of young adult smiling up at the sky with eyes closed.

Imagine you’re sitting at the dining room table with your family members. Quick, name something you’re thankful for that no one else at the table has said yet! It’s almost Thanksgiving, which means it’s time to get thoughtful and creative about what’s going right for you. Thinking about what we are grateful for can be good for making your grandmother cry happy tears at the dinner table, but it can also be an exercise in mindfulness and gratitude.

Practicing Gratitude and Mindfulness This Thanksgiving

Mindfulness is the practice of bringing one’s attention to the present moment in an accepting way. Practicing mindfulness can involve noticing one’s thoughts, feelings, or surroundings, and it involves one allowing their thoughts and sensations to drift into and out of their awareness without being distracted by them, judging them, or reacting to them. With practice, engaging in mindfulness can help an individual stay present, be less impulsive, and reduce their stress. For school personnel, specifically, using mindfulness is associated with having lower levels of job stress and lower rates of burnout and alleviating their depression and anxiety symptoms (Braun et al., 2019).

Three Mindful Practices for the Busy Season

  • Mindful Eating: Take time to really notice the flavor, texture, and smells of your food without distractions.
  • Attentive Listening: During conversations with family and friends, practice listening attentively and nonjudgmentally to what’s being said right now. Try not to plan what you’ll say next or think about the “baggage” others may bring to the conversation.
  • Appreciate nature: Getting outside and noticing the change of the seasons can be good ways to practice mindfulness and grounding. Notice the sounds, colors, and smells that surround you.

The Importance of Gratitude for Mental Health

Gratitude can also be a helpful tool that you can use to improve your mental health. The Greater Good Science Center at the University of California (Berkeley) reports that engaging in gratitude practices is associated with several improved individual, social, and health outcomes. For school professionals, participating in gratitude practices is also positively associated with better and more fulfilling work engagement and lower rates of burnout (Nicuță et al., 2022).

Three Ways to Practice Gratitude Year-Round

  • Reflect: Take time and reflect on your year, the last month, or just the last day. Consider all of the moments, decisions, and connections that have gone right.
  • Journal: Gratitude journaling is a common way to start keeping track of people or experiences you are thankful for. Writing for a few minutes a day can make a big difference in your perspectives on family, life, and even the world.
  • Give Back: Volunteering or donating can be a way to share your gratitude for your community.

Encouraging Gratitude and Mindfulness in Students

We, as educators can also encourage our students to practice mindfulness and gratitude. These skills can be incorporated into SEL skills lessons, or they can be themes that we can draw connections to throughout this season. We can also teach these skills by modeling them: give thanks and praise when students are doing well, appreciate the present, and ensure we provide students with positive feedback so they can learn how to support others.

Explore More SEL Resources

For more training on SEL and self-care, explore our SEL Learning Modules or check out our Self-Care Learning Modules for school personnel.

 

Reference(s):

Allen, S. (2018). The science of gratitude [White paper]. Greater Good Science Center at the University of California, Berkeley. https://ggsc.berkeley.edu/images/uploads/GGSC-JTF_White_Paper-Gratitude-FINAL.pdf

Braun, S. S., Roeser, R. W., Mashburn, A. J., & Skinner, E. (2019). Middle school teachers’ mindfulness, occupational health and well-being, and the quality of teach-student interactions.. Mindfulness, 10(2), 245–255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-0968-2

Nicuță, E. G., Diaconu-Gherasim, L. R., & Constantin, T. (2023). How trait gratitude relates to teachers’ burnout and work engagement: Job demands and resources as mediators. Current Psychology, 42, 30338–30347. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-04086-8

Implementing MTSS in Secondary Schools: A Guide to Using the Lippit-Knoster Model for Managing Complex Change

Published on October 12, 2024
Graphic breaking down the Lippitt-Knoster Model.
Caredda, S. (2020). The Lippitt-Knoster Model for Managing Complex Change.

Implementing a Multi-Tiered System of Supports (MTSS) in secondary schools can be challenging but rewarding, and it can offer comprehensive benefits to students and staff. The Lippit-Knoster Model for Managing Complex Change provides a systematic guide for MTSS implementation by focusing on six essential elements: vision, consensus, skills, incentives, resources, and an action plan. Addressing each of these components can eliminate common obstacles to change and foster a supportive school environment (Knoster, 1991; Reynolds, 2023).

Why MTSS Matters in Secondary Education

Secondary schools have unique challenges when it comes to MTSS implementation, including the complexity of student needs and a more rigid schedule with multiple class transitions. MTSS offers a structured approach to address these, benefiting students academically, behaviorally, and socially. Below, we outline how each element of the Lippit-Knoster Model applies to MTSS in secondary settings, with practical steps and resources.

Vision: Establishing Purpose and Scope

A well-defined, shared vision is foundational to MTSS success. As Jimerson, Burns, and VanDerHeyden (2016) emphasize, an unclear vision can hinder MTSS implementation, especially in high schools that have complex student needs. For instance, a high school’s MTSS vision might focus on reducing dropout rates, increasing graduation rates, or supporting student mental health. Aligning MTSS with school goals ensures the MTSS model is tailored to student needs, so its outcomes will be impactful.

Resource Spotlight: The Missouri Department of Elementary and Secondary Education’s MTSS resources offer exemplary guidance on implementing MTSS, which can be customized to individual school priorities (Briesch et al., 2020).

Consensus: Building a Collaborative Culture

Achieving consensus is vital for fostering a collaborative environment in which teachers, students, parents, and administrators support MTSS goals. An effective strategy for building consensus is “data storytelling,” which frames school data in meaningful ways. Visual and narrative presentations of data can help convey the purpose and benefits of MTSS and can help build a shared understanding and commitment (Curry, 2021).

Resource Spotlight: Edutopia’s guide to consensus-building strategies for school leaders provides frameworks for creating data stories that resonate with diverse audiences. Education Week created charts are based on Panorama’s State of MTSS 2023 Survey. Consider using these as the foundation, along with your school’s data, to tell your MTSS story.

Skills: Equipping Educators for MTSS Success

Equipping educators with the right skills is essential for the effective implementation of MTSS, which relies on a set of specific competencies across various roles within the school. These include skills in using data analysis, identifying and administering tiered interventions, and adapting instruction to meet diverse student needs. The Lippit-Knoster Model emphasizes that having the necessary skills can help to relieve staff anxiety and uncertainty, which are common barriers to successful MTSS adoption. A well-structured professional development program that is tailored to MTSS competencies can ensure educators feel confident and prepared to apply MTSS effectively in the classroom.

Resource Spotlight: The MTSS training series by School Resources to Support Military-Connected Students offers short, focused MTSS training sessions that are helpful for working with diverse student populations.

Incentives: Motivating Engagement and Participation

Offering incentives can help foster engagement with MTSS by highlighting its positive impacts on school culture and student outcomes. For example, using Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS), which aligns with MTSS principles, can demonstrate how structured support may decrease disciplinary incidents and enhance the school climate. Studies like Elrod et al. (2021) show that PBIS’s focus on positivity and support correlates with fewer behavior incidents and improved teacher buy-in.

Resource Spotlight: Data from studies, such as those on PBIS effectiveness, can serve as incentives for educators by illustrating the tangible benefits of MTSS implementation.

Resources: Ensuring Comprehensive Support Systems

A successful MTSS model requires a strategic alignment of resources to support students and educators across all tiers of intervention. The Lippit-Knoster Model emphasizes the importance of accessible resources and notes that missing resources can lead to frustration and implementation challenges. According to Reynolds (2023), schools that prioritize strategic resource planning experience smoother MTSS integration and encourage staff to remain focused on student outcomes rather than logistical issues.

Resource Spotlight: The Continuum of Evidence by the Clearinghouse for Military Family Readiness at Penn State is a helpful tool that categorizes interventions by efficacy and target demographics. Additionally, evidence-based intervention platforms such as What Works Clearinghouse and Evidence for ESSA provide rigorous evaluations of interventions, allowing schools to select the most effective, research-backed programs.

Action Plan: Charting a Path for Sustainable MTSS Implementation

Creating and using a detailed action plan can be essential for sustaining MTSS implementation. The MTSS Center’s planning guides for middle and high schools outline critical considerations and offer guiding questions tailored to each educational level. These documents are helpful for planning phases, structuring interventions, and evaluating progress, which can help to ensure MTSS remains adaptable to school-specific needs.

Resource Spotlight: The MTSS Center’s action plan documents help organize implementation strategies that are tailored to meet the unique needs of middle schools and high schools.

Summary: Using the Lippit-Knoster Model to successfully implement an MTSS framework

The Lippit-Knoster Model provides a structured framework for managing MTSS implementation in secondary schools. Addressing vision, consensus, skills, incentives, resources, and action plans helps establish a robust foundation for MTSS that can be sustained over time. When fully implemented, MTSS improves student academic and behavioral outcomes and fosters a positive, inclusive school environment where students and staff thrive together.

Next Steps and Resources

Ready to implement MTSS? The MTSS Check-Up is a flexible toolkit that allows school personnel to create an MTSS framework that is effective for their needs.

Have you tried implementing MTSS at your school? Share your experiences and insights with us here.

Reference(s):

Briesch, A. M., Chafouleas, S. M., Nissen, K., & Long, S. (2020). A review of state-level procedural guidance for implementing multitiered systems of support for behavior (MTSS-B). Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 22(3), 131-144. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098300719884707

Curry, V. (2021, April 21). A consensus-building strategy for school leaders. Edutopia. https://www.edutopia.org/article/consensus-building-strategy-school-leaders

Durrance, S. (2023). Implementing MTSS in secondary schools: Challenges and strategies. Comprehensive Center Network. https://region6cc.uncg.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/ImplementingMTSSinSecondarySchools_2022_RC6_003.pdf

Elrod, B. G., Rice, K. G., & Meyers, J. (2021). PBIS fidelity, school climate, and student discipline: A longitudinal study of secondary schools. Psychology in the Schools, 59(2), 318-335. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22614

Jimerson, S.R., Burns, M.K., & VanDerHeyden, A.M. (2016). Handbook of response to intervention: The science and practice of Multi-Tiered Systems of Support (2nd ed.). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7568-3

Reynolds, K. B. (2023). Implementation of a multi-tiered system of supports in public schools to improve student behavior indicators and mental health (Doctoral dissertation, Southern Nazarene University). ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. https://www.proquest.com/docview/2809324280

Social-Emotional Learning vs. Socioemotional Learning: A Linguistic Exploration

Published on July 29, 2024

In education and psychology, the acronym SEL commonly stands for Social-Emotional Learning. This term refers to a structured framework that is designed to cultivate students’ emotional-intelligence skills and social skills, and having and using these skills are crucial for personal development and academic success (Greenberg et al., 2017). However, a question often arises regarding the suitable written form of this term: should it be “social-emotional learning” or “socioemotional learning”? Are both forms acceptable?

Social-Emotional Learning (SEL): This term explicitly separates the domains of social interactions and emotional development. It underscores integrating both aspects in educational practices to enhance students’ emotional awareness, self-regulation, and interpersonal skills (Durlak et al., 2011).

Socioemotional Learning: This alternative form combines the terms “socio-” (from the Latin “socius,” meaning companion or partner) and “emotional.” This coalescing implies a joint consideration of social and emotional factors without explicit separation. It offers a unified perspective on the interplay between social contexts and emotional experiences (Brackett & Katulak, 2007).

The American Psychological Association (APA) style guide clarifies such terminology matters. According to APA 7th edition guidelines, to introduce an acronym, write out the entire term or title in initial use, place the acronym in parentheses after the first reference, and use the acronym thereafter (American Psychological Association, 2020). Therefore, regardless of whether one uses “social-emotional learning” or “socioemotional learning,” consistency in usage is key once the acronym, SEL, is established.

Scholars and researchers tend to favor “social-emotional learning” in academic discourse. This preference may stem from the term’s widespread adoption in educational research and policy documents (Durlak et al., 2011). The hyphenated form clarifies the distinct yet interconnected nature of social and emotional competencies targeted by SEL programs.

In contrast, “socioemotional learning” appears less frequently in scholarly literature but is occasionally employed in contexts that emphasize the holistic integration of social and emotional competencies (Brackett & Katulak, 2007).

From a practical standpoint, the choice between “social-emotional learning” and “socioemotional learning” may depend on the writer’s preference, institutional guidelines, or specific disciplinary norms. Both forms are technically correct and convey similar meanings, which focus on developing emotional-intelligence skills and interpersonal skills that are crucial for students’ personal growth and academic achievement.

“Social-emotional learning” and “socioemotional learning” are acceptable terms in educational and psychological literature. The former emphasizes the distinct yet interrelated components of social interactions and emotional development. The latter integrates these aspects under a unified perspective. When choosing how to write these terms, you should consider clarity and consistency and adhere to disciplinary norms or style guidelines.

As educators and researchers continue to explore and refine approaches to enhancing students’ emotional-intelligence skills and social skills, the terminology used, whether “social-emotional learning” or “socioemotional learning,” should reflect the nuanced goals and methodologies of SEL programs.

No matter which term you prefer, we invite you to explore our free, evidence-informed SEL learning modules to learn new strategies to support your military-connected students.

Reference(s):

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

Brackett, M. A., & Katulak, N. A. (2007). Emotional Intelligence in the Classroom: Skill-Based Training for Teachers and Students. In J. Ciarrochi & J. D. Mayer (Eds.), Applying emotional intelligence: A practitioner’s guide (pp. 1–27). Psychology Press.

Durlak, J. A., Weissberg, R. P., Dymnicki, A. B., Taylor, R. D., & Schellinger, K. B. (2011). The impact of enhancing students’ social and emotional learning: A meta-analysis of school-based universal interventions. Child Development, 82(1), 405–432. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01564.x

Every Student Succeeds Act, 20 U.S.C. § 6301 (2015). https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/senate-bill/1177

Fenning, P. (2022). School supports for students in military families. The Guilford Press.

Forman, S. G., & Crystal, C. D. (2015). Systems consultation for multi-tiered systems of supports (MTSS): Implementation issues. Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation, 25(2–3), 276–285. https://doi.org/10.1080/10474412.2014.963226

Greenberg, M. T., Domitrovich, C. E., Weissberg, R. P., & Durlak, J. A. (2017). Social and Emotional Learning as a Public Health Approach to Education. The Future of Children, 27(1), 13–32. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44219019

Hernandez Finch, M. E. (2012). Special considerations with response to intervention and instruction for students with diverse backgrounds. Psychology in the Schools, 49(3), 285-296.

Lee, A., & Gage, N. A. (2020). Updating and expanding systematic reviews and meta-analyses on the effects of school-wide positive behavior interventions and supports. Psychology in the Schools, 57, 783–804. https://doi.org/1010.1002/pits.22336


MTSS Research: What do we know?

Published on August 16, 2023

Educators have heard it before: “Use evidence-based curriculum!” “Use MTSS!” “Use PBIS!”

Policy initiatives such as the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA, 2015) emphasize the need for schools to use research-based, high-quality instruction and multi-tiered systems of support (MTSS) models. However, these initiatives do not outline how schools should implement these models.

A cursory Google search will immediately generate a list of thousands of resources that address what MTSS is, how MTSS could be implemented, how to use social-emotional learning (SEL), and how to use school-wide positive behavior support (PBIS). What becomes difficult, then, is determining which resources are research based and of high quality and how you can use them to move forward and address your school’s needs. The processes of determining what models will address the needs in your school, implementing a systems-wide change, and managing a variety of different perspectives and opinions can be daunting. Even the most seasoned educator may become confused as they consider the best way to implement MTSS. Despite this reasonable confusion, evidence and supports do exist.

Research suggests that MTSS is effective with subpopulations, and, therefore, it is recommended that a similar approach be applied to military-connected students (Hernandez Finch, 2012; Fenning, 2022). There is solid, extensive evidence that MTSS has positive effects for behavior and academic outcomes (Lee & Gage, 2020) for students. Individual trials and meta-analyses, in which findings are summarized across research studies, seem to agree that MTSS is worth the investment in order to help the whole child. But, something is missing. Many studies focus on the general implementation of initiatives like school-wide PBIS or SEL, and they do not help educators understand how to make the small decisions. Educators may still have questions such as which core behavior expectations are the best in PBIS, is it better to use tokens or tickets for reinforcement, who should be on the MTSS team, or which universal screener or progress-monitoring tools will be most effective in a given school. These gaps exist because randomizing each of these decisions and comparing the outcomes would be nearly impossible for researchers. The answers to these questions will vary depending on the needs of individual schools. Thus, the trainings on this website often describe various choices for schools in order to offer schools options that will best address their specific needs.

While an MTSS structure is often tailored to a school, there are some common themes that can help educators use MTSS successfully. For example, when schools implement quality instruction with high fidelity, students have better outcomes, and MTSS frameworks tend to sustain better over time (Foreman & Crystal, 2015). In fact, there are probably several, or even many, evidence-based programs that could serve your school’s needs. Therefore, selecting interventions that fit with your school’s requirements and that can be implemented with fidelity by your teachers and the school community is more important than spending time searching for the “perfect” intervention. In another example, consider your MTSS team members: if you have a team that works well together, has a variety of professionals present, is invested in the process, meets regularly, and carefully documents their progress, then deciding whether Mrs. Jones or Mr. Ramirez should serve as representatives is just a matter of feasibility for your staff.

The take-home message is this: MTSS works, and educators and other school professionals can feel good about that. The difficult work will be deciding what your school needs, determining what procedures and resources you already provide, and deciding to implement. Remember, MTSS is a continuous improvement process, and it offers you the freedom to adjust and try again to find solutions to your school’s and your students’ needs!

If you are interested in learning more, explore our free MTSS learning modules or complete MTSS toolkit.

We hope this information is useful in your professional practice. If you have questions or need help, visit the Contact Us page to reach out to us. If you would like to receive updates about new trainings or resources, sign up for our Mailing List.

Reference(s):


Every Student Succeeds Act, 20 U.S.C. § 6301 (2015). https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/senate-bill/1177

Fenning, P. (2022). School supports for students in military families. The Guilford Press.

Forman, S. G., & Crystal, C. D. (2015). Systems consultation for multi-tiered systems of supports (MTSS): Implementation issues. Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation, 25(2–3), 276–285. https://doi.org/10.1080/10474412.2014.963226

Hernandez Finch, M. E. (2012). Special considerations with response to intervention and instruction for students with diverse backgrounds. Psychology in the Schools, 49(3), 285-296.

Lee, A., & Gage, N. A. (2020). Updating and expanding systematic reviews and meta-analyses on the effects of school-wide positive behavior interventions and supports. Psychology in the Schools, 57, 783–804. https://doi.org/1010.1002/pits.22336


Happy (Belated) Teacher Appreciation Week!

Published on May 15, 2023
A person wearing glasses looks up toward the sunlight while smiling.

As another school year comes to an end, we wish to acknowledge the hard work teachers have put in to serving their students this year. Teachers play a critical role in students’ lives from engaging in academic instruction to fostering social and emotional skills in their students.

Teaching can be a rewarding and satisfying profession; however, it can also be a challenging role as teachers may find dissonance as they work to promote self-caring behaviors in their students but find that they, themselves, have little time to engage in healthy practices. Demands, such as meeting the needs of students and parents, working long hours, and changing roles and expectations, can cause teachers to experience burnout and compassion fatigue. A 2022 Gallup poll listed teaching as the profession with the highest rates of burnout, and more than 1 in 10 teachers report feeling either always or very often burned out at work. Most educators chose their profession because they want to teach and impart knowledge to young people and support their students during these developmental years.  Now that this year’s teacher appreciation week has come and gone, however, we challenge educators to learn how and support themselves as they work to create a healthier work-life balance.

So, what can teachers do to prevent, or heal from, burnout?

  1. Make yourself a priority. Remind yourself that you are important! You deserve downtime and can take time to increase your well-being. Many educators often prioritize the needs of dozens, if not hundreds, of students over their own needs. Find times to check in with yourself throughout the day and assess your personal priorities. Take breaks to eat, rest, and engage in positive self-talk.
  2. Establish boundaries. Define your boundaries regarding your workload, let others know what these limits are, and stick to them. Consider setting boundaries around answering phone calls and emails, determine how much work you’re willing to do from home or in off hours, and even reflect on how much time you spend thinking about work. A boundary is a rule that you set for yourself; while you can’t say, “I will not answer this parent’s emails because he’s annoying me,” you might be able to say “my boundary is that I will only answer questions once, during my designated office hours, and then I will refer parents who still have questions to my website’s FAQ page or to the principal for more information.”
  3. Make a plan. Consider multiple areas of your well-being, such as professional, social, emotional, physical, and spiritual. Are you meeting all of your needs? If the answer is no, consider what small steps you can take to meet your needs. Make specific goals, and keep track of your progress to motivate yourself to keep engaging in positive behaviors.
  4. Keep learning. The School Resources to Support Military-Connected Students website offers a free series of on-demand trainings for educators that address burnout and compassion fatigue, personal self-care, professional self-care, mindfulness, and social-media use. Each of these trainings takes about 10 minutes to complete and can help remind teachers about best practices in burnout prevention.

To visit these trainings and learn more about self-care and burnout prevention, please click here: http://schoolresources.militaryfamilies.psu.edu/modules/series/self-care/

Happy teacher appreciation week and thank you for all you do to support students! We hope these resources are useful in your professional practice. If you have questions or need help, visit the Contact Us page to reach out to us. If you would like to receive updates about new trainings or resources, sign up for our Mailing List.

Reference(s):

Gallup (2022). Gallup panel workforce study. https://www.gallup.com/workplace/349484/state-of-the-global-workplace-2022-report.aspx